The goal of asthma treatment is to control symptoms, prevent exacerbations, and maintain normal lung function. Management of acute exacerbations in the emergency department is not discussed here.

View the Comparison Chart: Some Inhaled Drugs for Treatment of Asthma

The main goals of treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are to relieve symptoms, reduce the frequency and severity of exacerbations, prevent disease progression, and reduce mortality. GOLD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease) guidelines for treatment of COPD were updated recently. Treatment of acute exacerbations is not discussed here. Drugs available for treatment of COPD are listed in Tables 1 and 3.

View the Comparison Table: Inhaled Drugs for Treatment of COPD

The FDA has approved ensifentrine (Ohtuvayre – Verona), an inhaled phosphodiesterase (PDE) 3 and 4 inhibitor, for maintenance treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in adults. It is the first dual inhibitor of PDE3 and PDE4 to be approved by the FDA, and the first inhaled drug with a new mechanism of action to be approved for treatment of COPD in more than 20 years.

Efbemalenograstim alfa-vuxw (Ryzneuta – Evive), a nonpegylated granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) conjugated to an Fc fragment of human IgG2, has been approved by the FDA to decrease the incidence of infection, as manifested by febrile neutropenia, in adults with nonmyeloid malignancies receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy that can cause clinically significant febrile neutropenia. It is the first nonpegylated, long-acting G-CSF to become available in the US. Two pegylated, long-acting G-CSFs, pegfilgrastim (Neulasta, and biosimilars) and eflapegrastim (Rolvedon), are also available.

The FDA has approved Airsupra (AstraZeneca), a metered-dose inhaler containing the short-acting beta₂-agonist (SABA) albuterol and the inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) budesonide, for use as needed for treatment or prevention of bronchoconstriction and to reduce the risk of exacerbations in patients ≥18 years old with asthma. Airsupra is the first combination of a SABA and an ICS to become available in the US. It is not approved for use as maintenance therapy.

The goal of asthma treatment is to control symptoms, prevent exacerbations, and maintain normal lung function. Management of acute exacerbations of asthma in the emergency department is not discussed here.

View the table: Some Inhaled Drugs for Treatment of Asthma

View the table: Correct Use of Inhalers for Asthma

The main goals of treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are to relieve symptoms, reduce the frequency and severity of exacerbations, and prevent disease progression. Several guidelines and review articles on COPD treatment have been published in recent years. Treatment of acute exacerbations is not discussed here.

View the Comparison Table: Inhaled Corticosteroids for Treatment of COPD

The FDA has approved over-the-counter (OTC) sale of inhaled epinephrine (Primatene Mist – Amphastar), a nonselective alpha and beta agonist, for temporary relief of mild symptoms of intermittent asthma in patients ≥12 years old who have been diagnosed with mild intermittent asthma by a healthcare professional. The original version of Primatene Mist, which was approved by the FDA in 1967, was removed from the market in 2011 because the metered-dose inhaler (MDI) contained ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) propellants; the new MDI contains hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) propellants.

The FDA has approved the subcutaneously injected monoclonal antibody dupilumab (Dupixent – Sanofi/Regeneron) for add-on maintenance treatment of patients ≥12 years old with moderate to severe asthma with an eosinophilic phenotype or with oral corticosteroid-dependent asthma. Dupilumab was approved earlier to treat adults with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis inadequately controlled with topical therapies.

The FDA has approved benralizumab (Fasenra – AstraZeneca), a humanized monoclonal antibody selective for the interleukin-5 (IL-5) receptor, for add-on maintenance treatment of severe asthma in patients ≥12 years old with an eosinophilic phenotype. Benralizumab is the third anti-IL-5 antibody to be approved for treatment of severe eosinophilic asthma; mepolizumab (Nucala) and reslizumab (Cinqair), which target IL-5 itself, were approved earlier.

The goal of asthma treatment is to control symptoms and prevent exacerbations. Management of acute exacerbations of asthma is not discussed here.

The main goals of treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are to relieve symptoms, reduce the frequency and severity of exacerbations, and prevent disease progression. Updated guidelines for treatment of COPD have been published in recent years.

The FDA has approved an inhaled fixed-dose combination (Breo Ellipta – GSK/Theravance) of the corticosteroid fluticasone furoate and the long-acting beta₂-adrenergic agonist (LABA) vilanterol trifenatate for once-daily treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

INHALATION DEVICES — Metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) require coordination of inhalation with hand-actuation of the device. Valved holding chambers (VHCs) or spacers help some patients, especially young children and the elderly, use MDIs effectively. VHCs have one-way valves that prevent the patient from exhaling into the device, minimizing the need for coordinated actuation and inhalation. Spacers are tubes or chambers placed between the canister and a face mask or mouthpiece, which also avoids the need to coordinate actuation and inhalation. Both VHCs and spacers retain the larger particles emitted from the MDI, decreasing their deposition in the oropharynx and leading to a higher proportion of small respirable particles being inhaled.

The FDA has approved aclidinium bromide (Tudorza Pressair – Forest), an orally-inhaled long-acting anticholinergic, for long-term maintenance treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

The FDA has approved indacaterol (in´´ da ka´ ter ol; Arcapta Neohaler – Novartis), an inhaled long-acting beta₂-agonist, for once-daily maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Indacaterol is not approved for treatment of exacerbations of COPD or for treatment of asthma. It has been available in Europe as Onbrez Breezhaler since 2009.

Two combinations of an inhaled corticosteroid with an inhaled long-acting beta2-agonist are approved by the FDA for use in patients with COPD: fluticasone/salmeterol (Advair Diskus) and budesonide/formoterol (Symbicort). A Medical Letter reader has questioned the safety of using corticosteroid inhalers in patients with this disorder. No single-agent inhaled corticosteroid inhaler is approved for this indication.

A little more than a year ago, The Medical Letter reported the results of an FDA meta-analysis which found that use of a long-acting beta-2 agonist (LABA) such as salmeterol (Severent) or formoterol (Foradil) in patients with asthma was associated with an increased risk of a composite endpoint of asthma-related death, intubation or hospitalization; the highest risk was in children 4-11 years old.There was no significant increase in risk when a long-acting beta-2 agonist was used with an inhaled corticosteroid.The Medical Letter recommended that long-acting beta-2 agonists should not be used as monotherapy for asthma, especially in children, and that long-acting beta-2 agonists should be used for asthma only in combination with an inhaled corticosteroid, preferably in a fixed-dose combination in the same inhaler.1

Now the FDA has issued new Safe Use Requirements2 and labeling requirements for long-acting beta-2 agonists that include the following: “Stop use of the LABA, if possible, once asthma control is achieved and maintain the use of an asthma-controller medication such as an inhaled corticosteroid.”3

It has not been determined that patients taking a longacting beta-2 agonist in a fixed-dose combination with an inhaled corticosteroid have an increased risk of death or that stopping long-acting beta-2 agonists in such patients will improve long-term outcomes. A controlled clinical trial of these new requirements would be welcome.

1. Long-acting beta-2 agonists in asthma. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2009; 51:1.
2. www.fda.gov/safety/medwatch/default.htm
3. BA Chowdhury and G Dal Pan. The FDA and safe use of long-acting beta-agonists in the treatment of asthma. N Engl J Med 2010; Feb 24 (epub).

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Continued use of a long-acting beta-2 agonist for treatment of asthma may cause down-regulation of the beta-2 receptor with loss of the bronchoprotective effect from rescue therapy with a short-acting beta-2 agonist. After a large study (SMART) found an increased risk of asthma-related deaths in patients receiving the long-acting beta-2 agonist salmeterol, a boxed warning was added to the labeling of all medications containing a long-acting beta-2 agonist. Now the FDA has completed a meta-analysis of 110 asthma treatment studies in 60,954 patients taking any of the long-acting beta-2 agonist formulations listed in the table.

The FDA has approved marketing of the corticosteroid mometasone furoate in an orally inhaled dry powder formulation (Asmanex Twisthaler - Schering-Plough) for maintenance treatment of asthma in patients at least 12 years old. Mometasone is also available as a mid-potency topical corticosteroid cream (Elocon) and as an intranasal spray (Nasonex) for treatment of allergic rhinitis.