Mild to moderate plaque psoriasis can be treated with topical drugs and phototherapy. Patients with moderate to severe disease generally require systemic therapy. Guidelines for the treatment of psoriasis with topical therapy, phototherapy, and systemic drugs have recently been published.

View the Comparison Table: Some Drugs for Plaque Psoriasis

The FDA has approved the injectable interleukin (IL)-17A/17F antagonist bimekizumab-bkzx (Bimzelx – UCB) for treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in adults who are candidates for systemic treatment or phototherapy. Bimekizumab is the first IL-17A/17F antagonist to be approved in the US. It was approved in the European Union for the same indication in 2021.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is prevalent in 0.5% of adults in the US; it is about 2.5 times more common in women than in men. Guidelines for treatment of RA from the American College of Rheumatology were recently updated. The goal of treatment is to minimize disease activity and prevent irreversible joint damage.

View Expanded Table: Some Biologic Drugs and JAK Inhibitors for Rheumatoid Arthritis

View the Flowchart: Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment

Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic inflammatory arthropathy associated with psoriasis. A recent review found that about 20% of patients with psoriasis have psoriatic arthritis. Updated guidelines for treatment of psoriatic arthritis have recently been published.

Mild to moderate psoriasis can be treated with topical drugs or with phototherapy. Patients with moderate to severe disease generally require systemic therapy.

View the Expanded Table: Some Drugs for Psoriasis

The FDA has approved the interleukin (IL)-23 antagonist risankizumab-rzaa (Skyrizi – Abbvie) for treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in adults. Risankizumab is the third IL-23 antagonist to be approved for this indication; guselkumab (Tremfya) and tildrakizumab (Ilumya) were approved earlier.

Tildrakizumab-asmn (Ilumya – Sun), an interleukin (IL)-23 antagonist, has been approved by the FDA for treatment of adults with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis who are candidates for systemic therapy or phototherapy. Tildrakizumab is the second selective IL-23 antagonist to be approved for this indication; guselkumab (Tremfya) was the first.

Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are used for initial treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to achieve clinical remission and prevent irreversible joint damage (see Table 1). DMARDs generally do not have an immediate analgesic effect, but over time they can control symptoms and have been shown to delay and possibly stop progression of the disease. Methotrexate (Trexall, and others) is generally the drug of choice; it can be used for patients with low, moderate, or high disease activity. For mild disease, some clinicians prefer to start with hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil, and generics) and/or sulfasalazine (Azulfidine, and others).

View Expanded Table: Biologic Agents for Rheumatoid Arthritis

The FDA has approved the interleukin (IL)-23 blocker guselkumab (Tremfya – Janssen) for treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in adults who are candidates for systemic therapy or phototherapy. Guselkumab is the first selective IL-23 blocker to become available in the US.

The FDA has approved the interleukin (IL)-6 inhibitor sarilumab (Kevzara – Sanofi) for second-line treatment of adults with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is the second IL-6 inhibitor to be approved for this indication; tocilizumab (Actemra) was approved earlier.

The FDA has approved brodalumab (Siliq – Valeant), an injectable human interleukin (IL)-17A receptor antagonist, for treatment of adults with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis who have failed to respond to other systemic therapies. Brodalumab is the third IL-17A antagonist to be approved in the US for this indication; secukinumab (Cosentyx) and ixekizumab (Taltz) were approved earlier.

The FDA has approved infliximab-dyyb (Inflectra – Pfizer; marketed as Remsima in some countries), as a biosimilar of the TNF inhibitor infliximab (Remicade). Infliximab-dyyb was approved in the European Union (EU) in 2013 and in Canada in 2014. It is the second biosimilar to be approved by the FDA. Filgastrim-sndz (Zarxio), a recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, was the first.

The FDA has approved ixekizumab (Taltz – Lilly), an injectable humanized interleukin (IL)-17A antagonist, for treatment of adults with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis who are candidates for systemic therapy or phototherapy. Ixekizumab is the second IL-17A antagonist to be approved for this indication in the US; secukinumab (Cosentyx – Novartis) was the first.

Mild to moderate psoriasis is generally treated with topical corticosteroids. Vitamin D analogs and tazarotene are topical alternatives that can be used in combination with topical corticosteroids. Phototherapy and systemic therapy, including biologic agents, are recommended for patients with moderate to severe disease.

Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic inflammatory arthropathy that develops in up to 40% of patients with psoriasis. Several guidelines for treatment of psoriatic arthritis have been published.

Secukinumab (Cosentyx – Novartis), an injectable human interleukin (IL)-17A antagonist, has been approved by the FDA for treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in adult patients who are candidates for systemic therapy or phototherapy. It is the first IL-17 inhibitor to be approved for any indication in the US.

For initial treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, most expert clinicians prescribe a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) and add a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) or a corticosteroid to control symptoms. Methotrexate is generally the DMARD of choice...

DMARDs
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are used early in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to achieve clinical remission, prevent irreversible damage to joints, and minimize toxicity associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids. DMARDs generally do not have an immediate analgesic effect, but over time can control symptoms and have been shown to delay and possibly stop progression of the disease. Methotrexate (Rheumatrex, and others) is generally the first DMARD prescribed; it can be used to treat mild, moderate, or severe RA. For mild disease, some clinicians prefer to start with hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil, and generics) and/or sulfasalazine (Azulfidine, and others).

Certolizumab pegol (Cimzia – UCB), a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor previously approved for treatment of Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis, and ustekinumab (Stelara – Janssen), a human interleukin-12 and -23 antagonist previously approved for treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis, have now been approved by the FDA for treatment of active psoriatic arthritis.

The FDA has approved tofacitinib (toe” fa sye’ ti nib; Xeljanz – Pfizer), an oral Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, for treatment of adults with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who have had an inadequate response to or are intolerant of methotrexate. Ruxolitinib (Jakafi) is the only other JAK inhibitor available in the US; it is FDA-approved for treatment of myelofibrosis.

The pathogenesis of acne is multifactorial: follicular hyperkeratinization, bacteria, sebum production, androgens, and inflammation all play a role. The gram-positive microaerophilic bacteria Propionibacterium acnes promote development of acne lesions by secreting chemotactic factors that attract leukocytes to the follicle, causing inflammation.

Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are now used early in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to achieve clinical remission, prevent irreversible damage to joints, and minimize toxicity associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids. DMARDs (Table 1) generally do not have an immediate analgesic effect, but over time can control symptoms and have been shown to delay and possibly stop progression of the disease. NSAIDs have immediate analgesic and antiinflammatory effects, but may not affect the disease process. Oral corticosteroids can relieve joint symptoms and control systemic manifestations, but their chronic use can cause many complications. Judicious use of intra-articular corticosteroids can rapidly decrease inflammation in acute joints with few, if any, adverse effects.

Tuberculosis (TB) is still a common cause of death worldwide, and the prevalence of drug-resistant TB poses challenges to its treatment and control. Guidelines with detailed management recommendations are available from the American Thoracic Society, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA).

The FDA has approved five tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors for treatment of moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). TNF-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of many systemic inflammatory disorders.

In the Medical Letter article on ustekinumab (Stelara) for psoriasis (2010; 52:7), footnote 2 in table 2 should have included a second sentence: $5595.60 is the cost of one 45-mg syringe.

The FDA has approved the use of ustekinumab (Stelara - Centocor Ortho Biotech), an interleukin antagonist given by subcutaneous (SC) injection for treatment of adults with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. It is the first agent in its class for this indication; the other biologic agents for psoriasis are Tcell or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors.

Even though the incidence continues to decline in the United States, tuberculosis (TB) is still a common cause of death worldwide, and the prevalence of drug-resistant TB poses severe challenges to its treatment and control. Guidelines with detailed management recommendations are available from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA).

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is either Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. Drug selection is guided by disease type (Crohn's versus ulcerative colitis), severity and location and whether the goal is induction or maintenance of remission. Table 1 on page 66 lists the drugs used to treat IBD with their formulations and cost. Table 2 on page 68 lists the drugs of choice and their doses for different indications. Table 3 on page 71 lists the drugs' adverse effects and recommendations for monitoring. More detailed guidelines are available from the American College of Gastroenterology.

Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are now used early in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to prevent irreversible damage to joints and minimize toxicities associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids.

Some tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors are being promoted on the internet directly to the public for use in psoriasis (www.yahoo.com).

The pathogenesis of acne is multifactorial: follicular hyperkeratinization, bacteria, sebum production, androgens and inflammation all play a role. The gram-positive microaerophilic bacteria Propionibacterium acnes promote development of acne lesions by secreting chemotactic factors that attract leukocytes to the follicle, causing inflammation.

Atacept (Orencia - Bristol-Myers Squibb), an inhibitor of T-cell activation, has been approved by the FDA for treatment of moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in patients who have not responded to one or more disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs).

To prevent irreversible damage to joints and minimize toxicities associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids, disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are now used early in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The DMARDs listed in the table on page 84 have no immediate analgesic effects, but can control symptoms and have been shown to delay and possibly stop progression of the disease. The NSAIDs listed in the table on page 88 have analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, but may not affect the disease process. Oral corticosteroids can rapidly relieve joint symptoms and control systemic manifestations, but their chronic use is associated with many complications.

The pathogenesis of acne is multifactorial: follicular hyperkeratinization, Propionibacterium acnes bacteria, sebum production, androgens and inflammation have all been implicated. P. acnes, a gram-positive microaerophilic bacterium, plays an important role in the development of acne lesions by secreting chemotactic factors that attract leukocytes to the follicle, causing inflammation.

Tuberculosis (TB) is still a problem in the United States, even though the incidence continues to decline in most of the country (MMWR Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep 2004; 53:209). Treatment of TB can be divided into treatment of latent infection diagnosed by a positive PPD and treatment of active clinical TB. Guidelines with detailed management recommendations are available from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (MMWR Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep 2003; 52RR-11:1).

Efalizumab (Raptiva - Genentech/XOMA), a humanized monoclonal antibody that inhibits T-cell activation, has been approved by the FDA for treatment of adults with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis.

Alefacept (a le' fa sept; Amevive - Biogen) has been approved by the FDA for parenteral treatment of adults with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis.

Adalimumab (Humira - Abbott), a tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) inhibitor, has been approved by the FDA for treatment of moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A genetically engineered human IgG1 monoclonal antibody, adalimumab is approved for subcutaneous (SC) injection in adults who have failed at least one disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD), for use either alone or with other DMARDs such as methotrexate (Rheumatrex, and others). Two other TNF-α antagonists, etanercept (Enbrel) and infliximab (Remicade), are already on the market for treatment of RA (Treatment Guidelines from The Medical Letter 2003; 1:25).

Many different drugs are now used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), listed in the table on page 26, have analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, but may not affect the disease process. Corticosteroids can provide rapid relief of joint symptoms and control of systemic manifestations, but chronic use is associated with many complications. The "disease-modifying" anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), listed on page 29, have no immediate analgesic effects, but can control symptoms and may delay progression of the disease (American College of Rheumatology Subcommittee on Rheumatoid Arthritis Guidelines, Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46:328). Interactions of anti-rheumatic drugs with other drugs are listed in The Medical Letter Handbook of Adverse Drug Interactions, 2003.

Anakinra (Kineret - Amgen), an interleuken-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist, has been approved by the FDA for treatment of moderately to severly active rheumatoid arthritis in adults who have failed at least one disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug(DMARD) such as methotrexate (Medical Letter 2000; 24:57).

Many different drugs are now used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, but may not affect the disease process. The "disease-modifying anti-rheumatic"drugs (DMARDs) have no immediate analgesic effects, but can control symptoms and may delay progression of the disease.